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District guide · Warsaw · Updated July 2026

Targówek property
guide 2026.

Prices from 13,200 to 15,500+ PLN/m². Gross rental yields of 5.3–6.2%. Warsaw's clearest metro-driven transformation story — five M2 stations opened between 2019 and 2022, 731 new-build listings across 17 developer projects, and entry prices 17% below the city average. A data-driven guide for foreign buyers and investors.

Price range: 13,200–15,500+ PLN/m² depending on zone Gross yield: 5.3–6.2% · unit type and location dependent Also read: Wola guide · Ursynów guide · Legal guide

Is Targówek a good district for foreign property investors?

Short answer: Yes — it is Warsaw's strongest metro-driven value play. Targówek offers five M2 metro stations (opened 2019–2022), entry prices 17% below the Warsaw average and gross yields of 5.3–6.2% — the highest of any metro-served district in the city. The metro transformation is still repricing: Urban.one data shows +30% price growth near Targówek Mieszkaniowy station after opening. In our experience, foreign buyers often dismiss Targówek because of its right-bank location without realising it now has more M2 stations than any other single district — and that the price gap vs. left-bank metro districts like Ursynów or Bielany represents a structural discount that the metro is actively compressing.

Average price
15,011 PLN/m² (≈ €3,468/m²) · Feb 2026
Gross rental yield
5.3–6.2% · studios near M2 at the top
Metro stations
5 M2 stations (Trocka · Targówek Mieszkaniowy · Zacisze · Kondratowicza · Bródno)
New-build pipeline
731 listings in 17 projects · from 15,546 PLN/m²
Best for
Yield-focused investors · 5–10 year horizons · metro-driven appreciation · young-professional tenants
Worst for
Prestige-address buyers · corporate-expat tenants · short-term flips · buyers uncomfortable with mid-transformation environments

Targówek is the district most foreign investors overlook on a first pass through Warsaw — and the one locals increasingly point to when asked where the best value-to-transport ratio sits in the city right now. The reason is straightforward: five metro M2 stations opened on Targówek between 2019 and 2022 (Trocka and Targówek Mieszkaniowy in September 2019; Zacisze, Kondratowicza and Bródno in September 2022, per Metro Warszawskie / Wikipedia), transforming the district from an under-connected right-bank residential area into the eastern terminus of Warsaw's newest metro line — and the resulting price repricing is still working its way through the market.

The numbers frame the opportunity clearly. The district-wide asking price averaged 15,011 PLN/m² in February 2026, placing Targówek 13th of Warsaw's 18 districts — roughly 17% below the citywide average of 18,134 PLN/m² (Viva Invest). Transactional prices, per SonarHome, sit even lower at approximately 13,200 PLN/m². New-build product from developers averages 15,546 PLN/m² across 731 listings in 17 projects (RynekPierwotny.pl, June 2026).

What makes Targówek different from a generic "cheap district" story is the metro. Before 2019, Targówek had no rail transit. Now it has five M2 stations giving a direct, no-transfer commute to Centrum in under 15 minutes. Historical data from Urban.one shows price increases of +30% near Targówek Mieszkaniowy station and +17% near Trocka station in the years immediately following opening. The question for 2026 is whether that repricing is complete, or whether the 2022-opened stations still have room to run.

District average asking price
15,011 PLN/m²
Feb 2026 · ≈ €3,468/m² · 13th of 18 · Viva Invest
New-build primary market avg.
15,546 PLN/m²
June 2026 · 731 listings, 17 projects · RynekPierwotny.pl
Gross yield (typical unit)
~5.3–6.2%
Strongest for studios near M2 stations · WIC estimate
Metro M2 stations
5 stations
Opened 2019–2022 · direct to Centrum ~15 min · Metro Warszawskie
Market logic

Why Targówek is Warsaw's clearest metro-driven investment case

No other Warsaw district went from zero rail transit to five metro stations in three years. That structural shift is the entire investment thesis.

Modern apartment building next to a metro M2 station entrance in Targówek, Warsaw

Targówek's investment case is built on a single, unusually clear structural driver: metro M2. Before September 2019, the district had no rail transit — residents depended on bus and tram connections, putting Targówek at a disadvantage relative to metro-served left-bank districts like Ursynów (5 M1 stations) or Bielany (4 M1 stations). That changed in two phases: Trocka and Targówek Mieszkaniowy opened in September 2019, and Zacisze, Kondratowicza and Bródno in September 2022, per Warsaw Metro data. In three years, Targówek went from zero stations to five — more M2 stations than any other single district on the line.

The price impact was immediate and measurable. Urban.one documented increases of +30% near Targówek Mieszkaniowy (from ~6,800 to 9,000 PLN/m²) and +17% near Trocka following opening. The three 2022 stations are earlier in the same cycle — the repricing around Zacisze, Kondratowicza and Bródno is still in progress, creating a window that has already closed for the 2019 stations.

The second structural element is supply at low entry prices. Targówek has 731 new-build listings across 17 projects (RynekPierwotny.pl) at an average of 15,546 PLN/m² — meaningfully below equivalent new-build in left-bank metro-served districts (Ursynów: 20,446 PLN/m², Bielany: 20,869 PLN/m²). That gap reflects both the historical right-bank pricing discount and the fact that much of Targówek's surrounding environment is still in transition. For investors, the trade is: lower entry price and higher yield, in exchange for a district that is less polished than its left-bank competitors.

The gentrification spillover from neighbouring Praga Północ adds a third layer. Praga's transformation — visible along ul. Ząbkowska and at the Koneser complex — is pushing young professionals eastward into Targówek as Praga's prices rise. That tenant migration, combined with metro access, is gradually reshaping the tenant profile of metro-adjacent Targówek toward the kind of younger, professionally mobile renter that supports higher rents and shorter vacancy periods.

01 · Metro M2 transformation

Zero to five stations in three years

The most dramatic transport upgrade any Warsaw district has received — from no rail transit to five M2 stations between 2019 and 2022.

02 · Entry price

17% below the Warsaw average

At 15,011 PLN/m² (Viva Invest), Targówek is the cheapest metro-served district in Warsaw — a structural discount the metro is gradually compressing.

03 · Gentrification spillover

Praga Północ's tenant migration

Rising prices in neighbouring Praga are pushing young professionals into metro-adjacent Targówek — reshaping the tenant profile and supporting rent growth.

The historical precedent — what metro did to Wola

When M2 stations opened on Wola (Rondo Daszyńskiego, Rondo ONZ), prices rose 25–30% over the following 3–5 years, per Urban.one. Wola is now one of Warsaw's most expensive districts. Targówek is earlier in the same cycle, at a fraction of the price. The parallel is not exact — Wola had an office-district catalyst that Targówek lacks — but the directional comparison is relevant for 5–10 year holding periods.

Pricing data

Current market prices and Targówek's position in Warsaw

Targówek is the cheapest metro-served district in Warsaw — a structural anomaly that the metro opening is gradually correcting.

Targówek's secondary market averaged 15,110 PLN/m², while the primary market averaged 14,577 PLN/m² per Viva Invest — an unusual inversion where new-build is slightly cheaper than resale in some pockets, reflecting heavy developer competition. RynekPierwotny.pl's data places the average higher at 15,546 PLN/m², reflecting newer, metro-adjacent projects. Tabelaofert.pl reports a similar figure of 15,182 PLN/m².

Ursynów
16,903 PLN/m²
May 2026, Viva Invest · 5 M1 stations
Bielany
17,355 PLN/m²
April 2026, Viva Invest · 4 M1 stations
Targówek ★
15,011 PLN/m²
Feb 2026, Viva Invest · 5 M2 stations
Wawer
13,422 PLN/m²
May 2026, Viva Invest · no metro

Targówek is 11–15% cheaper than Ursynów or Bielany despite having equivalent metro coverage. That gap is partly a right-bank pricing discount and partly a reflection of Targówek's less polished street environment — both factors that are gradually compressing as the metro drives development and tenant-profile upgrades.

Product type Typical size Price range (Targówek) Indicative monthly rent Gross yield (approx.)
Studio / kawalerka 26–34 m² 340,000 – 500,000 PLN 2,100 – 2,700 PLN ~5.8–6.2%
1-bedroom (2-room) 36–52 m² 480,000 – 750,000 PLN 2,600 – 3,300 PLN ~5.3–5.8%
2-bedroom (3-room) 54–75 m² 680,000 – 1,060,000 PLN 3,200 – 4,200 PLN ~4.8–5.4%
New-build, metro-adjacent 32–90 m² 500,000 – 1,200,000 PLN 2,800 – 5,500 PLN ~5.0–5.8%
Older resale (Bródno, Elsnerów) 38–72 m² 400,000 – 850,000 PLN 2,200 – 3,400 PLN ~5.5–6.2%

Price ranges based on Viva Invest, Tabelaofert.pl and RynekPierwotny.pl. Rent figures from Domiporta.

The asking-vs-transaction gap

SonarHome's transactional estimate places Targówek's realistic average at 13,200 PLN/m² — roughly 12% below the 15,011 PLN/m² asking-price average. That means genuine negotiation room exists on most resale stock.

Investment returns

Rental yields, tenant base and net return reality

Targówek's yield profile is among Warsaw's strongest — low entry prices and steadily improving rents create a combination most left-bank districts cannot match.

Gross yield · studio (near M2)
5.8–6.2%
Above Warsaw citywide avg of ~5.59%, Pewny Lokal
Net yield · after costs
~4.2–4.9%
WIC estimate · vacancy + mgmt cuts 1.0–1.5 pp
Avg. apartment price
835,636 PLN
Viva Invest, Feb 2026

Gross yields run approximately 5.3–6.2%, with studios near M2 stations at the top — consistently above the Warsaw citywide average of 5.59% per Pewny Lokal / Otodom Analytics. The tenant base is shifting: before 2019, rental demand was dominated by older, price-sensitive local tenants. The metro brought a new pool — young professionals aged 25–35 who work in central Warsaw, drawn by rents 30–40% below Śródmieście-adjacent districts, with a commute that rivals or beats many left-bank bus-dependent alternatives. Gentrification spillover from Praga Północ reinforces this trend.

The net-to-gross gap is slightly wider than in more established districts — vacancy periods can be longer on older stock away from the metro. Use vacancy assumptions of 8–12% for secondary locations and 5–7% for metro-adjacent new-build.

Investment example — Targówek 1-bed near metro Kondratowicza

Illustrative model based on Q2 2026 market data. Indicative purposes only.

Purchase price (40 m² · new build, primary market) 620,000 PLN
Additional costs (notary, court, agent ~3–4% — no PCC) ~22,000 PLN
Finishing / fit-out (shell delivery, ~2,300 PLN/m²) ~92,000 PLN
Total capital deployed ~734,000 PLN
Monthly gross rent (furnished, metro-adjacent) 3,000 PLN
Annual gross rental income 36,000 PLN
Vacancy + management + costs (~22%) – 7,900 PLN
Net annual income (pre-tax) ~28,100 PLN
Net yield on total capital deployed ~3.8%
Capital appreciation upside that yield alone doesn't capture

The metro-driven repricing (+30% at Targówek Mieszkaniowy, +17% at Trocka, per Urban.one) suggests a structural appreciation trajectory alongside the yield return. For 5–10 year investors, total return (yield + appreciation) is potentially stronger in Targówek than in more mature districts. The qualification: this repricing is not guaranteed to continue at the same pace, and the heavy supply pipeline creates a near-term price-growth ceiling.

District character

What Targówek actually feels like on the ground

A district visibly mid-transformation. Some streets feel contemporary; others carry industrial and working-class residue. That variability is both the opportunity and the risk.

Renovated tenement facade showing urban regeneration in Targówek
Park Bródnowski — families in Targówek's main green space

Targówek Mieszkaniowy — around its namesake metro station — has changed most dramatically since 2019. New developments (Nowy Targówek, now in phase VI; Osiedle Wilno, housing 10,000+ residents) have created entire new neighbourhood clusters. Clean streetscapes, ground-floor retail, and a growing café scene make the best pockets feel genuinely contemporary.

Bródno, to the northeast, is larger and more mixed — older wielka płyta blocks from the 1970s–1980s alongside newer construction. Park Bródnowski provides the district's largest green space. The Bródno and Kondratowicza stations (2022) are driving development, but the neighbourhood is earlier in the transformation curve than the 2019-corridor.

Zacisze is the most residential sub-area — lower density, quieter, more suburban. The 2022 metro station improved connectivity, and PKP Zacisze-Wilno provides a secondary rail link.

Elsnerów and Targówek Fabryczny are the least transformed. Industrial heritage is visible, some streets carry heavy traffic noise, and tenant appeal is materially weaker. These areas offer Targówek's lowest prices — but also its highest risk and longest vacancy periods. Not recommended without deep local knowledge.

The practical rule for Targówek

Distance to the nearest M2 station explains more about an apartment's investment case than any other variable. A 550,000 PLN apartment 3 minutes from Kondratowicza and a 550,000 PLN apartment 20 minutes by bus from any station are almost different investment products.

Buyer fit

Who Targówek tends to fit best

Targówek is a strong answer for buyers who prioritise yield and capital-appreciation potential over prestige or a finished environment.

Targówek is often a strong fit if:

  • you want the lowest entry price of any metro-served district in Warsaw
  • your strategy values yield + capital appreciation over short-term polish
  • your target tenant is a young professional, single renter or couple
  • you can tolerate a district still visibly in transition
  • you understand metro proximity is the decisive variable
  • your horizon is 5–10+ years
  • you are buying primary market to avoid PCC tax

Targówek may be less suitable if:

  • you want a polished, "finished" neighbourhood from day one
  • your tenant requires a prestige address or office proximity
  • you are uncomfortable with heavy supply-cycle risk
  • you want maximum resale liquidity in 2–3 years
  • you are not prepared to compare individual streets and buildings
  • you need a family district with mature schools/retail
The Targówek tenant profile

The metro shifted demand from local, price-sensitive households toward young professionals aged 25–35 commuting to central Warsaw — people who choose to live right-bank for 30–40% lower rent, with a commute faster than many left-bank bus-dependent alternatives. This tenant pool is concentrated almost entirely within walking distance of the five M2 stations.

Location filtering

Targówek's micro-locations — prices, character and investor logic

Four meaningfully different zones. Metro proximity is the single most important filter.

Zone Price range Character Investor logic
Targówek Mieszkaniowy & Trocka
2019 M2 stations
14,500–16,500 PLN/m² Most transformed. New multi-phase projects (Nowy Targówek, Osiedle Wilno), emerging retail, genuinely contemporary in best pockets. Best balance of yield and maturity. 6+ years of repricing. Strongest resale logic within Targówek.
Kondratowicza & Bródno
2022 M2 stations
13,500–16,000 PLN/m² Mixed older blocks and newer stock. Park Bródnowski. Kondratowicza station hosts a library (Metroteka). Early in transformation. Higher appreciation potential — stations younger, repricing less complete. Requires more careful building selection.
Zacisze
Quieter, 2022 M2 + PKP rail
13,000–15,500 PLN/m² More suburban and residential. Lower-rise, quieter. Dual transport links (M2 + PKP Zacisze-Wilno). Niche — appeals to buyers wanting metro in a quieter setting. Lower yield ceiling but steadier long-term holds.
Elsnerów & Targówek Fabryczny
Further from metro
12,500–14,500 PLN/m² Least transformed. Industrial heritage, traffic noise, less legible for international tenants. Lowest prices. Not recommended for foreign buyers without deep local knowledge. Vacancy and tenant-quality ceiling limit returns.
The 2019 vs. 2022 station distinction

The 2019-corridor (Trocka, Targówek Mieszkaniowy) has had 6+ years to drive repricing — it is the more mature, lower-risk play. The 2022-corridor (Zacisze, Kondratowicza, Bródno) is earlier in the same cycle, with more residual upside but more variability. Both work, but they are different investments with different timelines.

Cost structure

Full cost of buying in Targówek

731 listings across 17 projects give one of Warsaw's deepest primary-market choices — and no-PCC developer purchases reduce total entry cost.

Developer purchases are exempt from PCC (2% tax) under Ministry of Finance guidance. On a 620,000 PLN Targówek purchase, that saves 12,400 PLN vs. resale. Our full cost guide covers every line item.

Primary market — 620,000 PLN
PCC tax 0 PLN
Notary fee ~5,500–6,800 PLN
Court registration 200 PLN
Advisory 0–18,000 PLN
Finishing (shell) 70,000–120,000 PLN
Total additional ~76,000–145,000 PLN
Secondary market — 620,000 PLN
PCC tax (2%) 12,400 PLN
Notary fee ~5,500–6,800 PLN
Court registration 200 PLN
Advisory 12,000–18,000 PLN
Legal review 3,000–5,000 PLN
Renovation 20,000–120,000 PLN
Total additional ~33,000–162,000 PLN
Finishing

Shell-to-tenant-ready

Fit-out runs ~2,000–3,200 PLN/m² in Targówek. On 40 m², budget 80,000–128,000 PLN.

Running costs

Monthly czynsz

Newer developments: 450–750 PLN/month — below Warsaw's average, reflecting lower common-area spec.

Foreign buyers

No permit for apartments

EU, EEA and most non-EU nationals can purchase apartments without a permit. See our legal guide.

Due diligence

What buyers should watch carefully in Targówek

The transformation is real, but the district is still mid-cycle. The risks are specific and manageable — but only if acknowledged.

Heavy supply — model rents conservatively

731 listings across 17 projects is one of Warsaw's largest pipelines. Use current achieved rents and vacancy of 8–12% for secondary locations.

Street environment varies dramatically

Even within 10 min of a metro station, street quality changes significantly. Some roads carry heavy traffic. Evaluate the specific street, not just metro distance.

Right-bank discount may persist longer than expected

Warsaw's historical left/right-bank pricing gap is cultural as well as structural. The metro is compressing it — but possibly more slowly than a pure transport model predicts.

Older stock needs renovation budget

Much of Bródno and Elsnerów is 1970s–1980s wielka płyta. Building condition (elevator, thermal insulation, plumbing) should be verified before purchase.

Developer quality varies across 17 projects

Quality dispersion is wide. Verify developer track record, delivery timeline and building spec project by project.

Resale liquidity is lower than left-bank

Targówek apartments take longer to resell than comparable stock in Mokotów, Wola or Ursynów. Factor this into exit-timeline planning.

Investor advisory

How Warsaw Investor Care helps foreign buyers buy better in Targówek

Targówek rewards precise micro-location selection more than almost any other Warsaw district. Our role is to distinguish the genuinely strong metro-adjacent stock from the merely cheap.

For overseas buyers approaching Targówek remotely, the headline numbers — low price, high yield, metro access — look uniformly attractive, while reality on the ground is highly variable. A 550,000 PLN apartment 3 minutes from Kondratowicza and one in Elsnerów 20 minutes from any metro are different investments entirely, but they look identical on a portal. Our role is to filter that variability at street and building level.

We define the investment brief, budget and target tenant profile before searching. For Targówek, that determines whether the search focuses on the established 2019-corridor (lower risk) or newer 2022-station-adjacent projects (higher upside, more variability).

Beyond selection, we manage the full transaction: legal and tax coordination, notary process, developer contract review on primary purchases, and condition assessment on older resale. After purchase, we coordinate finishing and rental activation — positioning the unit for the young-professional metro-commuter tenant pool specifically.

01

Investment brief and strategy alignment

Define goal, budget, yield target and tenant profile. In Targówek, this determines 2019-corridor (mature) vs. 2022-corridor (early-stage) vs. Zacisze (quieter residential).

02

Property sourcing across 17 projects + resale

Access developer releases, secondary market and off-market. Each shortlisted property evaluated for metro distance, street environment and realistic yield.

03

Realistic yield modelling before commitment

Full model including purchase costs, finishing, achievable rent (current data, not peak assumptions), management and vacancy — before commitment.

04

Negotiation and transaction management

Negotiate locally, manage timeline, coordinate lawyers and handle developer contract review on primary purchases.

05

Finishing, renovation and rental activation

Coordinate fit-out, furnishing and listing — positioning for the young-professional metro-commuter tenant pool.

06

Ongoing rental management

Full rental management from Warsaw: tenant selection, leases, maintenance and periodic reporting for remote investors.

FAQ

Frequently asked questions about buying in Targówek

The questions foreign buyers ask most about Targówek — answered with market data and practical context.

What is the average price per square metre in Targówek in 2026?

District-wide asking: 15,011 PLN/m² (≈ €3,468/m²), per Viva Invest, 13th of 18. New-build: 15,546 PLN/m² (RynekPierwotny.pl). Transactional: ~13,200 PLN/m² (SonarHome). The cheapest metro-served district in Warsaw.

What gross rental yield can I expect?

Approximately 5.3–6.2% gross, studios near M2 at the top. Above the Warsaw average of ~5.59% (Pewny Lokal). Net after costs: 4.2–4.9%. Older stock further from metro can show higher gross yields but wider vacancy.

How has metro M2 affected prices?

Urban.one documented +30% near Targówek Mieszkaniowy and +17% near Trocka after their 2019 opening. The 2022 stations (Zacisze, Kondratowicza, Bródno) are earlier in the same cycle.

Which part of Targówek is best for investors?

Targówek Mieszkaniowy–Trocka (2019 stations) offers the most mature transformation. Kondratowicza–Bródno (2022) offers more appreciation potential. Zacisze is a quieter residential play. Elsnerów and Targówek Fabryczny offer the lowest prices but the highest risk.

Can foreigners buy property in Targówek?

Yes. EU/EEA citizens and most non-EU nationals (UK, US, UAE) can purchase apartments without a permit. The permit requirement applies to houses with land. All purchases via notarial deed. See our legal guide.

Is Targówek better than Ursynów or Bielany?

Each is positioned differently. Ursynów (16,903 PLN/m²) and Bielany (17,355 PLN/m²) are more mature and polished at higher prices. Targówek (15,011 PLN/m²) offers the lowest entry, highest yield potential and most active metro-driven repricing — with a less polished environment and heavier supply. For yield-focused investors with 5–10 year horizons, Targówek is often the sharpest value proposition. See our Ursynów and Bielany guides.

Do I need advisory support to buy in Targówek?

Yes — more than for most districts. The combination of 17 active projects, wide internal variability, mid-transformation environment and heavy supply makes remote evaluation particularly risky. The difference between well-selected and poorly-selected stock can represent 1.5–2.5 pp of annual yield and a fundamentally different resale trajectory. Contact us to discuss your brief.

Next step

Looking at Targówek for your Warsaw purchase?

The strongest results come from choosing the right metro corridor, the right building and the right execution path.

Cafe on a revitalized street in Targówek, warm evening lifestyle scene

Let's assess whether Targówek is the right fit for your brief.

We compare metro corridors and buildings, build realistic yield models, coordinate the full foreign-buyer process and activate for rental. No charge for an initial consultation.

Strategy · sourcing · negotiation
Legal and tax coordination
Finishing and rental activation
Ongoing rental management
Off-market developer access

Key takeaways — which Targówek strategy fits your brief

If you're buying for rental income

Target the 2019-corridor (Trocka, Targówek Mieszkaniowy) — 6+ years of tenant-base maturation, strongest established demand, shortest vacancy. Studios and 1-beds within 5 minutes of a station yield 5.8–6.2% gross. Avoid Elsnerów and Targówek Fabryczny entirely.

If you're buying for capital appreciation

The 2022-corridor (Kondratowicza, Bródno, Zacisze) offers the most residual upside — stations only 3–4 years old, repricing less complete. Buy metro-adjacent new-build and hold 5–10 years. The Wola precedent (+25–30% after metro) is directionally relevant.

If you're buying for family living

Zacisze is Targówek's quietest sub-area — lower density, dual transport (M2 + PKP rail), more suburban character. Not the yield play, but the most liveable micro-location for families who want metro access without corridor density.

Our observations from working with foreign buyers in Targówek

In our experience, the single most common mistake foreign buyers make in Targówek is treating the district as one market. A 550,000 PLN apartment 3 minutes from Kondratowicza and one in Elsnerów 20 minutes by bus from any metro are almost different investment products — different tenants, different vacancy, different 5-year trajectories. We have also seen buyers underestimate the right-bank discount persistence: while the metro is compressing it, the cultural preference for left-bank Warsaw among some tenant segments means the gap narrows more slowly than a pure transport model predicts.

Continue reading — guides & district profiles

District guide

Wola Property Guide

Warsaw's fastest-transformed mixed-use district — prices, yields and the office-tenant case.

District guide

Ursynów Property Guide

Five M1 stations, Kabaty Forest and the widest micro-location range in the city.

District guide

Bielany Property Guide

Warsaw's greenest metro-served district — a value alternative to Żoliborz.

Legal guide

Can Foreigners Buy in Poland?

Permits, process, notarial deed and non-EU buyer rules for apartments.

Cost guide

Total Cost of Buying

Every cost itemised: PCC, notary, finishing and running costs with real figures.

Service

Renovation & Finishing

Shell to tenant-ready: fit-out coordination for foreign buyers.